Nouns and Proper Nouns

Nouns

What is a Noun?

The simplest definition of a noun is a thing and nouns are the basic building blocks of sentences. These things can represent a person, animal, place, idea, emotion – almost any thing that you can think of. Dog, Sam, love, phone, Chicago, courage and spaceship are all nouns. The more nouns you know in a language, the better you will be able to communicate your ideas. Here, we’ll take a closer look at what makes a noun a noun, and we’ll provide some examples of how nouns are used.

Noun examples: respect, faith, apple, seashore, peanut, motorcycle

Noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed the bridge on the way to town.
I love watching my cat play with the pink yarn.
It is raining! Everyone, grab your umbrella and rain hat and watch out for the puddles!

Categories of Nouns

There are several categories of nouns, and there can be an overlap across the categories. For example, there are common and proper nouns, and concrete and abstract nouns, yet some nouns are both concrete and common, or concrete and proper. It will become clear as you read on.

Common nouns are the words that refer to most general things: country, evening, laughter, puppy, umbrella

Common noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Cathy loves the weekends in the country.
We enjoy swimming after breakfast.
The cup fell and broke.

Proper nouns are the name that identifies someone or something, a person or a place. Proper nouns are capitalized. John is a proper noun, since the word John represents a particular, single example of a thing, John.

Proper noun examples: Mary, Jimmy, Aunt Audrey, Honda, Philadelphia

Proper noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Emily loved spending time with her Aunt Nancy in Paris.
Buick and Jeep are two important carmakers.
We visited Lake Erie, which separates the United States and Canada.

Concrete nouns represent a thing that is real and tangible: pig, person, rock, smell, air, soup, Larry are all concrete nouns.

Concrete noun examples: cup, computer, diamond, rollercoaster, shampoo, Debby

Concrete noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The person threw the rock across the yard.
My dog, Oreo, jumped in the air and caught the ball!
Can you smell the soup, John?

An abstract noun represents a thing that is more like a concept or idea: love, integrity, democracy, friendship, beauty, knowledge are examples of abstract nouns.

Abstract noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Love and friendship are equally important.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
Your mind can know a million things.

Nouns can also be categorized as countable or uncountable.

A countable noun is a thing can be numbered or counted: airplane, sock, bowl, noodle, teacher, as in two airplanes, three socks, 1000 noodles.

Countable noun examples: peach, horse, shirt, telescope

Countable noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

There are five dogs in the street.
I bought three tons of coal.
Margaret has six pairs of blue sandals.

Uncountable nouns can have a quantity or amount but cannot be actually counted: water, music, clothes, understanding. In the second example above, tons is a countable noun, but coal is not. Coal is referred to as an uncountable noun.

Uncountable noun examples: hate, confidence, attractiveness, wisdom

Uncountable noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Love is in the air.
The four elements are air, earth, fire and water.
Her humor knows no bounds.

Collective nouns refer to a group of people or things: audience, team, bunch, family, class. When speaking of collective nouns, Americans consider them as singular, using singular verbs with them, such as the group dances happily. When speaking British English, both singular verbs and plural verbs might be used, as in the group dance crazily before the Queen.

Collective noun examples: government, jury, team, bunch, school, class, and room (the people in the room or building)

Collective noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The team threw confetti when it was over.
Steve buys the band some sandwiches.
Meredith told the class she was getting married.

As mentioned above, when we talk of categories of nouns, some nouns can be described as being in more than one category. Some nouns are concrete and countable, for example, such as raindrops and wedding rings, while some are proper and uncountable, such as the Atlantic Ocean and Alaska.

Forms of Nouns

The same noun can appear in different forms, depending on how it is used.

A countable noun can be singular or plural. Most nouns in English form the plural by adding -s or -es to the noun, although there are some exceptions:

One dog, two dogs, red dog, blue dog.
I missed not just one bus today, but two buses.
New York City is one of the grandest cities in the world.

Uncountable nouns and proper nouns are always considered to be singular:

The air in the countryside and in the city is clean and fresh (not the airs).
All knowledge is a good thing (not knowledges).
Florida has mostly warm weather in the winter.

Nouns can also indicate ownership. This form of a noun is called a possessive noun, and is indicated by an apostrophe and the letter –s. It is equivalent to using the word of and the noun.

The light’s color is red. (or: The color of the light is red.)
The country’s flag has blue stripes. (or: The flag of the country has blue stripes.)
The hunters’ guns were loaded. (or: The guns of the hunters were loaded.)

Note that when the noun already ends with -s, possession is indicated by adding only an apostrophe – hunters’ guns, not hunters’s guns.

A noun can be used as the subject of a sentence, or in another capacity as an object:

John is nice. – John is the subject of the sentence
I saw John – John is the simple (direct) object of the sentence.
I gave John the phone. – John is the indirect object of the sentence.
I gave the phone to John. – John is the object of the preposition to.

Additional Info About Nouns

Sometimes nouns are used as adjectives, which is referred to as a noun adjunct. In fact, English is amazingly flexible in that almost any noun can also be used as an adjective, though sometimes the use is considered comical or slangy:

Ocean view – Ocean describes the type of view you would see outside your window.
Jazz concert – Jazz is specifying what kind of concert is being played.
Cheese omelet – It’s a certain type of omelet, eggs with cheese. Using a true adjective as in a cheesy omelet means any type of omelet (onion and peppers, mushroom) that has a lot of cheese.
Dog tired – Really really tired – even though dogs aren’t known to be especially tired.
Fear Factor – An example of using just any old word as a noun adjunct.

Proper Nouns

What is a Proper Noun?

Proper nouns have two distinct features: They name specific one-of-a-kind items, and they begin with capital letters, no matter where they occur within a sentence. Here, we’ll take a closer look at proper nouns, provide proper noun examples, and help you learn how to use a proper noun the right way.

Remember that all nouns are words naming people, animals, places, things, and ideas. Every noun can be further classified as either common or proper. The distinction is very easy to make once you see some examples and come up with a few of your own.

Proper Noun Examples

In the following sentences, proper noun examples are compared with common nouns. Notice that the proper nouns are specific and unique, while the common nouns are much more general in nature.

Common noun: I want to be a writer.

Proper noun: Agatha Christie wrote many books.

Common noun: I’d like to adopt a cat.

Proper noun: Cleopatra is the cutest kitten ever.

Common noun: Would you like a cookie?

Proper noun: I’m craving Oreos.

Common noun: Let’s go to the city.

Proper noun: Let’s go to San Francisco.

Common noun: My teacher starts work before sunup.

Proper noun: Mr. Bell seems to understand what students need.

Common noun: I think that’s a planet, not a star.

Proper noun: I can see Jupiter tonight.

Common noun: He’s always hanging out with his girlfriend.

Proper noun: He never goes anywhere without Sarah.

Common noun: There are a lot of important documents in the archives.

Proper noun: There are many important documents at The Library of Congress.

How to Use Proper Nouns

It’s easy to use proper nouns, once you know what they are. Simply place them in your sentences as you would common nouns, ensuring that you capitalize them. Here are some examples to help you get started.

Brett had hoped for an easy teacher for his algebra class, but he got Ms. Boggs, whose unreasonable demands and short temper made the semester unbearable.

→ Teacher is a common noun. Ms. Boggs is a proper noun.

Gloria had a craving, and not just any cookie would do. She went to the store and bought a box of Oreos.

→ Cookie is a common noun. Oreos is a proper noun.

We wanted to try a new restaurant, so we went to Taste of Thai.

→ Restaurant is a common noun. Taste of Thai is a proper noun.