USEFUL WORDS for IELTS - List 4

Find here a list of words (which are used as adjectives, nouns, adverbs, phrases, verbs)

Prey on(v): to hunt
astounding(adj):amazing/incredible/unbelievable
resolute(adj):Determined
attain(v): reach
eschew(v):avoid
Coherent(adj):clear/understandable/intelligible
Holistic(adj): refers to the whole
selective task(phr): multiple-choice task
Constructive task(phr):development task
thesis(n):opinion/position/claim
integral part of(phr):important/essential part of
agrarian(adj):related to fields and land and farmers
fertile(adj):good for growing/rich in nutrients/productive
Enervating(adj):exhausting
reliable(adj); can rely on
prosper(v):succeed/grow economically
assiduous(adj):hard working
undergo(v):experience/go or pass through
emancipated(adj):free
envisage(v):visualize
innovate(v):develop
trailblazer(n):leader/pioneer/pathfinder
wary(adj): watchful/cautious
versatile(adj): can be used in many ways
inasmuch as(conj.):because/since/owing to the fact that
fundamental(adj): basic/essential/central part of
germinate(v):grow
a myriad of(phr): lots /abundant /great number (e.g.: a myriad of courses )
a plethora of(phr):excessive/far too much or many/more than is practical or useful (e.g.: a plethora of money problems)
allude to(v): to refer to casually (e.g.: in a presidential speech, obama alludes to his wife as his biggest influence in his life)
analogous(adj):related to/connected to/comparable to ( e.g.: TOEFL IELTS are analogous)
connote(v): to give meaning beyond literal definition (e.g.: breaking mirror connotes to bad luck)
Indeed (adv): without a doubt/in fact/certainly.
Quite (adv): very/exactly/really ( e.g.: that’s quite fascinating!/ that’s really fascinating!)
Distractor (n): something that deviates attention/ an answer that looks right but actually wrong.
harbinger(n):sign ( e.g.: snow is a harbinger of winter)
perch(v);to rest or settle in a high place ( e.g.: eagles perch on top of mountains)
precarious(adj): dangerous/doubtful/not secure(e.g.: the rope seems precarious, but it’s strong)
quest(n): seek/looking for/search ( e.g.: King Arthur wanton a quest to find the Holy grail)
Infer (v): to conclude from facts.
thaw(v): to melt/change from ice to water/warm up
keen(adj): very sensitive
brood(n): young children of one family ( e.g.: the mother bear moved her brood across the river)
impecunious(adj):always poor
benevolent(adj):generous/kind/good
inveterate(adj):established habit
reimburse(v):pay back
subsist on(v):live on
quite the contrary(phr):the exact opposite
all in all(phr):when everything is considered/in the final analysis/when all is said and done
judicious(adj):demonstrating good judgment
insinuate(v):suggest ( The professor insinuated that Joe have to study harder)
suffice it to say(phr):in short/it is enough to say/no more is needed to add
posthumously(adv):after death (e.g.: micheal jackson is as famous posthumously as he was alive)
hue(n):color(e.g.: van gogh used a myriad of hue)
masterpiece(n):great work(e.g.: Opera Carmen by george Bizet is a masterpiece)
saturated(adj):drenched/soaked/full of( That cup of tea is saturated with sugar)
towering(adj):best of the best(James Joyce is a towering literary figure in the west)
snub(v):ignore/avoid/shun( The actress snubbed her fan who wanted an autograph)
mercurial(adj):changing unpredictably ( A mercurial temper is a harbinger of trouble)
palette(n):artist’s paint mixing box
shimmer(v): flicker/shine/move like sunlight(I like to watch the sun shimmer on the lake)
unerring(adj):never making a mistake (Steever jobs is an unerring genius for innovation and marketing)
discombobulated(adj):confused/uncertain/not clear /perplexed( The easy prompt really discombobulated Baldev)
Dwelling(n):home/place to live/abode
Inhabit(v):to live in
Opulent(adj): demonstrating great wealth ( some opulent houses are really quite astounding)
Spartan(adj):simple/basic/frugal(Historians believe that the early humans lived a Spartan life)
Renounce(v):to give up ( he has renounced smoking recently)
Per Capita (phr): per person (what is the per capita income of your country?)
Void of (phr):empty of ( the desert is void of water sources)
Contrivances(n):mechanical/electrical/fundamental domestic things
Novel(adj):new ( noun:story) ( The iPad was a novel idea)
Environs(n):environment/place/area ( at night i would avoid certain streets and environs)
Precipitation(n):rain/snow/hail
Drought(n): long period of no precipitation/dryness
Famine(n):extreme lack of food ( Somalia has been suffering from famine for 20 years)
Omen(n): Sign ( Crows represent a bad omen)
Render(v): change/transform/alter
Arable(adj):good for farming( Some believe that an arable land is better than gold)
Arid(adj):Dry/lacking moisture/no water( Arizona is an arid state)
Abandon(v):to give up and leave ( The enemy forces has abandoned their posts)
Downfall (n): sudden loss of wealth and power ( The king’s position was always precarious. His downfall could happen at any time)
Destitute(adj):lacking everything ( the people abandoned their land after drought as in much as they were left destitute)
Notorious (adj): famous for bad behavior.
Nefarious(adj):evil/very bad/wicked( El Capone was a notorious mobster who had many nefarious associates)
Pervade(v): to enter all parts ( corruption has pervaded Chicago’s police department)
Ruthless(adj):no mercy
Reign(v):to rule like a queen or king/control for a period of time/to exercise authority( Elizabeth the First of England reigned from 1558 to 1603)
Unquenchable(adj):always thirsty/unable to satisfy/always desiring more
Repeal(v):seek justice ( Many US citizens want the government to repeal Marijuana laws)
Turbulent(adj):chaotic ( The Arab world is living a turbulent time)
Corruption(n):process of decay/immoral behavior/gain by breaking the law
Placid(adj):calm and gentle ( I love the scene of the placid lake during sunrise)
shatter(v):to break in many pieces ( The ball shattered the glass )
Conglomerate(n):company with many large sub divisions of different industries( e.g.: General Electric)
Quadruped(n):movement using 4 limbs ( cats and dogs are quadruped animals)
Primate(n): mammals in the order of primates including humans and apes
Cosmos(n):the universe <Galaxy :massive groups of stars>
Black Hole(n): massive invisible hole in the space
Comet(n): celestial body with a tail
Asteroid(n):small planet sized rock
Cataclysmic(adj):sudden and violent change/transformation/earth changing event
Whereby (conj): in which (Marriage is an official process whereby a man and a woman agree to spend the rest of their lives together.)
Precipitate(v):to cause to happen/to bring about/to change from one state to another
Abolitionist(n):one who wants to end something
Cease(v):to stop
Anathema(n): idea or object of great loathing
Proposition(n):idea to be debated/proposed plan/focus on an argument
Enflame(v):to make angry
Antipathy(n):dislike for
Secession(n):the process of leaving
Indigenous(adj):native
Heretofore(adv):previously
Monumental(adj):astounding/large and impressive/extremely significant
Devastating(adj):to destroy/to shock and stun/to ruin completely
Era(n):famous time period
Catch-22(id,n):trapped by opposing conditions/situation preventing a solution to a problem/ a no-win situation
it goes without saying(phr):it is obvious/the facts are clear/as you can see
persist with(v):to continue
counter(v): to argue the opposite
pull the plug(id,v):to end something/to cut off/to empty a sink or bath by pulling the drain plug
Quandary(n):unable to decide
Kill 2 birds with one stone(id,v): to do 2 things at the same time
the icing on the cake(id,n):the best part, the amazing part, the good part
pull through with flying colors(id,v):to succeed beyond expectations
significant other(id): lover
walk on air (id,v): to be extremely happy
blow away(id,v): to be amazed/to be astounded/to feel shocked
gratis(adj):free
Painstaking(adj):difficult process
overwhelmed(adj):feeling buried/feeling too much pressure/feeling out of control
feel like a fish out of water(id,v):to be in the wrong place/to feel out of context/to know you don’t fit in
overcome(v):to defeat
take the bull by the horns(id,v):to take control/to take responsibility/to face a challenge directly
misgivings(n):feelings of doubt
pack it in(id):to surrender/to quit/to pack one’s bag and leave
truly(adv):really/indeed/yes
cherish(v):to value always ( I cherish our friendship very much)
there and then (adv): at the moment
esteemed(adj):respected
regard(n): consideration for/attention to/respect for
Disintegration(n):to disintegrate/to fall apart/to dissolve completely
the 64,000$ question(id,n):the big question/the only question/the obvious question
reincarnation(n):rebirth after death
figment(n):something imagined
expiration(n):end/death/termination
contemplation(n):act of thinking
transfiguration(n):change in shape or figure/change in appearance or look/process of transfiguring
manifestation(n):act of revealing
address(v):to deal with/to answer an issue/to speak directly to
breach(v):break
remedy(n0:solution
apoplectic(adj):very angry
get wind of the fact that (id,v):to receive information
jurisdiction(n):territory where a law applies( NYPD has no jurisdiction over New Jersey)
Negligent(adj):careless/failing to perform/lacking attention to duty
Recourse(n):choice/plan of action/direction to follow
Sue(v): to see money for damages
Stipulated(adj):item required by a contract/object in question/the agreed to point
Seminal(adj):the very first
Assembly line(phr):moving or conveyor belt in a factory/chain moving in a circle
essentially(adv):basically
substantially(adv):greatly
behemoth(n/adj):huge/massive/monstrous
symbol(n);sign with meaning
indomitable(adj): cannot be conquered
doomed(adj):destined to disappear
susceptible(adj):open to/vulnerable to/defenseless
coalesce(v): to come together as one
frigid(adj):very cold
perish(v): to die/vanish/disappear
owing to the fact that(phr):because/since/inasmuch as
tragic(adj):great misfortune/disaster/cataclysmic
iconic(adj):symbol of /representation of/sign of
genesis(n);the beginning
arguably(adv):that which can be argued
incorporate(v):to become a public company
take root(v):to begin to grow
crucible(n):place where forces meet/place of great heat/bowl used for melting objects
inventiveness(n):good at creating/ability to invent/talent for making new things
frontier(n):where civilization ends/border/point of transition
savage(adj)destructive
jack-of-all-trades(id,adj):can do many things well
quintessential(adj):the best or perfect example/the most illustrative example
herd(v):to group together
none more so than(phr):there is no better example
self-reliant(adj):independent
archetype(n):original model or type
sublime(adj):God-Like Beauty
pod(n);small group of whales/dolphins/seals
matrilineal(adj): following the mother
transient(adj):temporary/one who always moves about
Contrary to the Popular Belief(phr):against what is true/what most think/agree with what is true
appellation(n):name
stocky(adj): short and heavy
life span(phr):the length of a life
ratify(v):to approve/to confirm/to put your stamp on
absolute(adj):pure/not limited/total control of
apace(adv0:rapidly with no purpose
confound(v): to frustrate
venerate(v):to worship
Burn the candle at both ends(id,v):to work late and long
Come with the territory(id,v):to be part of the job
Put one’s nose to the grindstone(id,v):to focus on what is important
Ace(v):to do extremely well
Keep one’s eye on the prize(id,v):to focus always on what you are working for
Push the envelope(id,v):to go to the extreme
Give it one’s best shot(id,v):to try one’s best
Conviction(n):strong belief
Kick back(id,v):to take it easy
R and R(id,n) :rest and relaxation
Pragmatic(adj):prefers logic to emotions/practical/black and white
Enigmatic(adj):mysterious
Have both feet on the ground(id,v):to be pragmatic
Cynic(adj):one who does not trust selfless acts
have one’s head in the clouds(id,v):to feel romantic
very much the(adv):definitely/really/totally
what one would call(phr):an example or illustration or definition of
diehard(adj): resolute/determined
advent of(phr):introduction of /development of/invention of
concurrent with(phr):conditionally
wayward(adj):difficult/unpredictable /capricious
specious(adj):sounds convincing but lacks logic/misleading
emblematic(adj):symbolic of/sign of/indication of
malefaction(n):crime/violation/lawlessness
brazen(adj):shameless
boom(n):explosion/rapid expansion/fast growth
wholesale(adj):complete/total/utter
parasitic(adj):benefiting from another’s hard work
double-edged sword(id,n/adj):when the outcome can be both positive and negative
cost and arm and a leg(id,v):to be very expensive/extremely costly/unaffordable
take one’s place in the spotlight(id,v):to stand at the center of attention
purport(v):to claim
unadulterated(adj):untouched
produce(n):fresh fruits and vegetables
nevertheless(adv):yet/nontheless/still
bite the bullet(id,v): to do something unwillingly
rampant(adj):out of control
persnickety(adj):fussy/strict/fastidious
bent out of shape(adj):really angry
cross the Rubicon(id,v):crossing the point of no return/to go too far/to cross a very big line
Neanderthal(n/adj):early cave man/lacking culture/brain-dead guy
ascertain(v):to discover with certainty
transgression(n):violation
multitude(n):many
accumulate(v):to collect
infringement(n): too close without permission
sort(n):label
feral(adj):wild
prodigious(adj):extraordinary
deem(v):judge
cross(v): to pass/to breed-interbreed/cross fertilization
harbor(v):have/possess/hold
litter(n):group of new born animals/ trash/ pile of objects
propensity(n):tendency/need/ability
sustenance(n):food/nourishment/comestibles
Biosphere(n):area of world where life exists Pedosphere(n):area of world with soil/dirt/earth Geosphere(n):solid/rock based part of the earth studied by geologists Hydrosphere(n):all water found on earth
gourmand(n):food lover
ground breaking (adj): seminal/original/revolutionary
case in point(phr):for example/namely/specifically
obtuse(adj):stupid
conundrum(n):challenging problem/problem with no answer/puzzlement
diffidence(n):no confidence
albeit(adv):but/although/though
inscrutable(adj):impenetrable
insurmountable(adj):impossible/cannot be conquered/unresolvable
countenance(n):expression on one’s face
ebullient(adj):always enthusiastic
disconcerted(adj):perplexed/embarrassed/discombobulated
nail(id,v): to answer correctly/to attain a goal/to target and hit
take no prisoners(id,v): show no pity or compassion or weakness
all manner of (adj):all kinds of/myriad of/great variety of
widget(n):name of a non-specific product or contrivance
peddle(v):to sell
budding(adj):young and learning
expand one’s horizons(id,v):to explore new territory
rake in (id,v): to make a lot of money
resurrect(v): to bring back from the dead/ to give new life/ to make new again
stigmata(n):marks
peruse(v):examine carefully
salient(adj):one that rises above the rest
mince words(v):to be uncertain/to render incomplete/to soften one’s words
epiphany(n):innate moment of realization/sudden revelaton/personal discovery
boon(n):benefit
disingenuous(adj):insincere
expediency(n):convenience
bevy of (phr):a myriad of/many/a lot of
expunge(v): to delete totally
ersatz(adj):fake(German)/knock of/forgery
vernacular(n):mainstream/native/indigenous language
jargon(n):code for special applications
aficionado(n):fan
voracious(adj):always hungry
murky(adj):not clear
territorial(adj):protective of one’s land
attribute to(v):to give credit to/to acknowledge/to give benefit to
zenith(n):highest point/opposite of nadir/the absolute top
laissez-faire(phr):free market business model
impugn(v):to attack
epitome(n):quintessence
equanimity(n):calm
placate(v):to assuage/mollify/pacify
resplendent(adj):brilliant and amazing
impervious(adj):invulnerable to attack
harangue(n/v):long, angry lecture
rancor(n):anger
Persevere (v):to keep going despite obstacles or discouragement/to maintain a purpose ( Perseverance is noun/Persistent is adj.) (e.g.: Researchers in meteorology persevere in studying and predicting tsunami behavior.)
Plunge (v): to go down suddenly/to decrease by great amount in short time.(e.g.: He jumped of the diving board and plunged into the pool./The value of the company’s stocks plunged after its CEO’s resignation./He plunged the box of candy during his visit to his aunt’s house./Many believe that it’s cruel to plunge live lobsters into boiling water.)
Cultivation (n): preparing the land to grow crops/improvement for agricultural purposes.(e.g.: With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place. Cultivate (v) –e.g.: The farmers use various methods to cultivate the crops.)
Intensify (v): to increase in power/to act with increased strength. (e.g.: Several human rights agencies have intensified their efforts to fight child abuse worldwide.)
Irrigation (n): to supply water to dry land.(e.g.: In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farmland for irrigation.)
Adversely (adv): in a harmful way/negatively (e.g.: Excessive rainfall can adversely affect the planting of crops.) (Adverse adj. /adversity n.)
Feature (n): part/characteristic. (e.g.: The best feature of this computer is its processor’s speed.)
Inherent (adj): naturally characteristic/always found within something/basic part of something.(e.g.: No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work.)
Constraint (n): something that restricts thought or action. (e.g.: The constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morrison more than once a month.)
Deplete (v): to greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material. (e.g.: Strenuous exercise depletes the muscle from its glycogen stores.)
Dispose of (v): to throw away/to get rid of/to kill.(e.g.: The mobster cruelly disposed of all his enemies./I’m going to dispose of my unwanted possessions before moving to my new apartment.)
Emission (n): sending out a small space into the general environment/a substance discharged into the air. (The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.)
Reservoir (n):A place where a liquid is collected and stored.(e.g.: The town’s water reservoir was built 2 years ago.)
Shrink (v): to become reduced in size, amount, or value.(e.g.: If you dry your clothing on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink.)
Stable (adj.): firm and dependable/showing little change. (e.g.: He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable. /He is in a stable condition.)
Adjust (v): to change/get accustomed to something.(e.g.:It took him time to adjust to his new house./ Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone.)
Arbitrary (adj): chosen simply by whim or chance/not for any specific reason. (e.g.: The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns. Arbitrate v. /arbitrator n. /arbitrarily adv.)
Denominator (n): the number written below the line in a fraction/ the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.
Exponentially (adv): at very fast rate. (e.g.: The value of the Egyptian Pound has decreased exponentially in the last five years.)
Infinitesimal (adj): Immeasurably small. (e.g.: The number of contaminants in the water infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink.)
Parallel (adj): being an equal distance apart everywhere. (e.g.: The street where i live runs parallel to the main road though town.)
Proportion (n): a part in relation to the whole. (e.g.: The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mail.)
Rate (n): the cost per unit of a good or service/the motion or change that happens in a certain time. (Telecommunication rates in Lebanon are among the highest in the world. /some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day.)
Sequence (v): to organize or arrange in succession. (e.g.; Volunteers has been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes.) (Sequence n. : the order of something/sequentially adv.)
Adjacent (adj): next to. (e.g.: Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents speak different languages.)
Compress (v): to press together. (e.g.: WinRAR is computer software used to compress files.)
Feasibly(adv)practically/in a way that can work.(e.g.: Scientists can’t feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to where it is needed-on land)
Gut (v): to empty or hollow out.(e.g.: In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away all the old fixtures.)
Integrally (adv): In a whole or complete manner (e.g.: Writing and spelling are taught integrally as a part of the reading program.)
Overlap (v): to lie over part of something/to have elements in common. (e.g.: One of the 2 assistants will likely get fired, since most of their duties in the office overlap.)
Retain (v): to keep or hold (e.g.: The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water.)
Seep (v): to pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas.(e.g.: As the containers rusted the toxic waste seeped into the ground.)
Structure (n): Something constructed, such as a building.(e.g.: Most companies have a social structure that can’t be understood by outsiders.)
Corrode (v): to be slowly weakened by chemical reactions. (e.g.: Sitting in salt water, the old coins corroded and became very easy to break.)
Derive (v): to come from, usually through a long, slow process. (e.g.: The Cyrillic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet.)
Detection (n): Discovering something that cannot easily be found.(e.g.: With new medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easier nowadays.)
Expeditiously (adv): Quickly and efficiently (e.g.: Using carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged messages expeditiously.)
Implement (v): to make use of/to carry out.(e.g.: Not until after the new software was installed could we implement the new filing system.)
Installation (n): Setting something into position for use. (e.g.: Installation of the new software takes only four minutes.)
Simulation (n): An imitation or representation. (e.g.: To test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulations.)
Convey (v): to transport from one place to another/to transmit or make known (e.g.: A messenger conveyed the prince’s letter to the commander of the army.)
Discretely (adv): separately/distinctly (e.g.: in order to understand how the engine worked, each component needed to be studied discretely.)
Permeate (v): to spread or flow throughout/to pass through or penetrate (e.g.: The smell of cooking permeated the entire apartment building.)
Rotate (v): to turn around/to take turns in sequence. (e.g.: The planet rotates on its axis once every 14 earth days. The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a weekly basis.)
Trigger (v): to set off or initiate.(e.g.: I was certain any mention of politics would trigger a big argument.)
Acquisition (n): the act of taking possession of something. (e.g.: Our recent acquisition of over 2000 books makes our biggest library in the region.)
Consciously (adv): with awareness of one’s actions. (e.g.: He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so consciously.)
Degrade (v): to reduce in value or strength.(e.g. The roads in cold or wet areas of the united states degrade faster than those in warm, sunny regions.)
Indisputable (adj): beyond doubt/unquestionable (e.g.: The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the facts of the case indisputable.)
Intervene (v); to come between. (e.g. A good mediator intervenes only as much as necessary to settle a dispute between other parties.)
Intuitively (adv): By means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe (e.g. many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their children.)
Recede (v): to move back or away from. (e.g. After the age of 30,his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead.)
Retrieve (v); to bring or get back (e.g.: Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have thrown.)
Agnostic (adj): Believing that humans cannot know whether there is a God.(e.g.: His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.)
Animism (n): the belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls.(e.g. Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds contain spirits.)
Atheist (n): one who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being. (e.g.: he argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist.
Be inclined to (v): to favor an opinion or a course of action. (e.g.: He couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had always been inclined to vote Republican.)
Deify (v: to worship as a God. (e.g.: When people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able to abuse power more easily.)
Ecclesiastical (adj): relating to a church (e.g. He was looking specifically for a university where he could study ecclesiastical history.)
Exalt (v): to praise or honor (e.g. He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife.)
Pious(adj):having or exhibiting religious reverence.(e.g. Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens)
Heathen (n): A follower of a polytheistic religion; a pagan .derogatory. A person who does not belong to a widely held religion (esp. one who is not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim) as regarded…: “bringing Christianity to the heathens”
Decrepit (adj): weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive use.(e.g. The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless.)
Aggravate (v): to make worse/to anger or intensify. (e.g.: Running will aggravate your sore knees.)
Augment(v):to make bigger or better by adding to.(e.g.: In some types of popular cosmetic surgery people augment parts of their bodies/The college augmented its course offerings because students complained that there were too few choices.)
Certifiably (adv): In a manner that is officially recognized. (e.g.: He couldn’t be institutionalized until was declared certifiably insane.)
Divination (n): Foretelling the future by finding the patterns in physical objects. (e.g.: In Turkey, women offer divinations by reading the dregs from a coffee cup.)
Haunt(v):To continually appear( in the form of a ghost)in the same place or to the same person.(e.g.: Some say that ghost of Princess Hilda haunts this castle, appearing as a headless form while she plays the piano.)
Intermediary (n): Acting as an agent between people or things. (e.g.: The plaintiff’s lawyer suggested that they hire an intermediary to help them discuss their case.)
Invoke (v): to call for support. (e.g.: In many religions, believers invoke their God by holding out their hands.)
Self-perpetuating (adj): Having the power to renew oneself for indefinite period of time.
Assimilate (v): to consume and incorporate/to become similar. (e.g.: Not all of the overseas students could assimilate into the rigidly controlled school.)
Cremation (n): The act of burning the dead.(e.g.: Cremation is particularly common in Japan, where land for burial is very limited.)
Domesticate (v): to make something suitable for being in a home. (e.g.: The Barnes family hoped to domesticate the tiger, but their neighbors were skeptical.)
Folklore (n): traditional myths of a people transmitted orally. (e.g.: Through folklore, archaeologists have learned about the migration of Native Americans in North America.)
Fossilize (v): to become preserved in clay or stone or ash after death, so that a natural record is left of the original organism/to become rigid and stuck in old ways.(e.g.: The dinosaur eggs had fossilized over thousands of years.)
Relic (n): something left from a long ago culture, time period or person. (e.g.: Relics of the war can still be found in the sand dunes along this shore.)
Rite (n): a ceremony meant to achieve a certain purpose.(e.g.: Many cultures have fertility rites that supposedly makes it more likely for women to bear children.)
Saga (n): a long story about important events long ago.(e.g.: Many American families tell sagas about their ancestors’ arrival in the United States.)
Vestige (n): A visible trace that something once existed.(e.g.: The wilted flowers were the only vestige of their romantic weekend.)
Amend (v): to change for the better. (e.g.: The residents voted to amend their neighborhood policy on fences.)
De facto (adj): truly doing a job, even if not officially. (e.g.: Popular support established the Citizens Party as the de facto government.)
Notion (n): a belief. A fanciful impulse. (e.g.: The notion that older office equipment is unreliable is the inaccurate. /one morning, she suddenly took the notion to paint her kitchen red.)
Prejudiced (adj): causing to judge prematurely and unfairly. (e.g.: Manu consumers are prejudiced against commercial goods made in third-world countries.)
Distinctly (adv): clearly (e.g.: I distinctly remember saying that we would meet at noon.)
Erudite (adj): highly educated.(e.g.: Even though Stella was only a freshman, she was considered erudite by both her classmates and her professors.)
Fortify (v): to strengthen. (e.g.: The high priced drink had extra vitamins and minerals to fortify the body.)
Implicitly (adv): without being tasted/unquestioningly (e.g.: By joining the competition, she agreed implicitly to the rules.)
Parochial (adj): restricted in outlook/relating to the local parish. (e.g.: Marla moved from her rural community to get away from its parochial thinking. Sending your children to a parochial school can cost as much as sending them to college.)
Rigor (n): Strictness/difficult situations that come from following rules strictly. (e.g.: The wrestler followed his diet with rigor. /the rigors of military life toughened the Youngman quickly.)
Roster (n): a list especially of names (e.g.:2 names on the roster were misspelled.)
Eloquently (adv): Characterized by persuasive, powerful discourse: an eloquent speaker; an eloquent sermon./Vividly or movingly expressive: a look eloquent with compassion.
Allegiance (n): loyalty. (e.g.: My allegiance to my country is based on respect for its principles.)
Hierarchy (n): a system of levels that places people high or low according to their importance. (e.g.: Starting as a lowly private, Burt Jones gradually rose through the hierarchy of the army.)
Annex (v): to make something (usually land) part of another unit. (e.g.: Bardstown grew by annexing several farms at the north edge of town.)
Conquest (n): a takeover by force or continued effort. (e.g.: The first recorded conquest of Mt. Everest was by Tensing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hilary.) (Conquer v.)
Devise (v): to find an original way to make an object or a plan. (e.g.: The soldiers devised a way ti cross the river into enemy territory.) (Device n.)
Prevailing (adj.) Strongest or most common (Prevail v. /prevalence n.) (e.g.: The prevailing attitude among our neighbors is to be friendly but not too friendly.)
Milieu(n): General Environment or surroundings.(e.g.: Many Vietnam veterans did not feel comfortable in the antiwar social milieu of the 1970s)
Orwellian (adj): frightening and over controlled by a government that interferes in nearly every aspect of personal life.(e.g.: Biometric devices like eye-scanners allow an Orwellian level of government knowledge about everyone’s location.)
Reconciliation (n): coming back together peacefully after having been enemies. (e.g.: South Africa avoided a bloodbath after apartheid by setting up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission.)
Apartheid (n): A policy or practice of separating or segregating groups.
Allocate (v): to give out different amounts for different purposes (e.g.: The budget allocates $58billion to the military and only about $2billion to education.)
Commodity(n):A thing that can be bought and sold, such as grain, oil, or wood.(e.g.: Tulip Bulbs were one of the most Valuable commodities in seventeenth-century Holland)
Subsidy (n): Money Given by a government or other organization to support an activity. (e.g.: Federal subsidies to grain farmers have helped them stay in business despite three years of bad weather.)
Tangible (adj): obviously real because it can be seen, touched, or otherwise observed. (e.g.: One tangible benefit of putting electrical cables underground is a clearer view of the sky.)
Impoverish (v); to make a person or group poor.(e.g.: The collapse of the steel industry impoverished several countries in eastern Ohio.)
Proprietor (n): Owner, usually of a business or a building. (e.g.; the proprietor of Hekman’s Windows is Nels Hekman, grandson of the people who established the factory.)
Exploit (v): to take advantage of/to treat inconsiderately in order to profit (e.g.: The company tried to exploit the low interest rates to expand operations.)
Incentive (n): A possible benefit that motivates a person to do a certain thing.(e.g.: This city’s willingness to support its public schools gave us an incentive to move here without two young children.)
Marginal (adj): Not very significant or effective. (e.g.: Our new advertising campaign had only marginal success, raising sales by a mere 3 percent.)
Merit (n): value/success based on one’s work, not on luck.(e.g.: Pay raises at our company are based on merit, as determined by a committee of managers.)
Distill(v): to remove one liquid from mixture of liquids by boiling; to get something valuable from a confusing mix of ideas.(e.g.: The forest people of Southeast Asia distill an alcoholic drink called arak from a paste of palm berries./Most students are confused by her lectures, but Joe can always distill main idea.)
Intrepid (adj): fearless (e.g.: for nearly 200 years, only the most intrepid colonists would cross the Appalachian Mountains.)
Haggle (v): to argue back and forth about a price. (e.g.: The customer and the shopkeeper haggled over the silver plate for more than an hour.)
Shuttle (v): to move back and forth between 2 places.(e.g.: The small jet shuttles between KualaLampur and Singapore nearly every 2 hours.)
Bitterly (adv): Strongly and with a lot of bad feelings.(e.g.: Senator Thomas bitterly opposed the movement to design a new state flag.)
Inaugurate (v): to bring into public office/to start formally. (e.g.: The US president is elected in November, but is not inaugurated until the following January.)
Allegedly (adv): according to what people say. (e.g.: The chief financial officer of the company allegedly took company’s money for his personal use.)
Verdict (n): A judgement in a court case.(e.g.: It took the jury only 30 minutes to reach a verdict of “guilty”.)
Condemn (v): to speak out against something in very strong terms. (e.g.: Religious radicals condemned the government for allowing alcohol to be sold in restaurants.)
Bureaucratic (adj): related to a large organisation with a lot of complicated procedures.( implies that something is inefficient and unnecessarily complicated.)(e.g.: Before I could speak with the chief, I had to go through a bureaucratic runaround of identity checks and written requests.)
Assail (v): to criticize or attack forcefully.(e.g.: With DNA evidence from the crime scene, the defense lawyer assailed the police for falsely arresting his client.)(Assailant n. /assault n.)
Implicate (v): to suggest that someone was involved in a crime or other wrong behavior.(e.g.: No group claimed responsibility for the bombing, but the type of explosive used implicates the Heartland Freedom Militia.)
Inquiry (n): investigation. (e.g.: The FBI launched an inquiry into the relationship between organised crime and the trucking company.)
Intrusively (adv): In a way that brings unwanted person or thing into someone else’s affairs. (e.g.: The new consultant from company headquarters appeared intrusively at meetings, staff parties, and other functions where he was not wanted.) (Intrude v. /intruder or intrusion n. /intrusive adj.)
Evade (v): to get away from something that tries to catch you.(e.g.: The robbery suspects tried to evade the police by fleeing to Canada.)
Grotesque (adj): extremely unattractive, in a way that catches a lot of attention. (e.g.: Spending $3.5million to redecorate the governor’s house is a grotesque misuse of public money.)
Coerce (v): to force/to put pressure on someone to do something. (e.g.: A criminal’s confession is not usable in court if the police coerce him or her into giving it.)(Coercion n. /coercive adj.)
Predicament (n): a difficult situation, one that is hard to get out of. (e.g.: College basketball player of wanting to graduate but being tempted by high professional salaries.)
Distort (v): to twist or misinterpret/to make something seem different from what it really is.(e.g.: If you hold a pencil in a glass of water, the water distorts the appearance of the pencil.)
Interdict (v); to keep something from reaching a certain place. (e.g.: With faster patrol boats, the Coast Guard can more easily interdict drugs being smuggled by sea.)
Juxtapose (v): Place next to one another. (e.g.: If you juxtapose these two similar flowers, you can see clear differences between them.)
Subtly (adv): in a quiet, hard to notice way (e.g.: By subtly changing the soft drink’s formula, we improved its taste and made production cheaper.)
Sentiment (n): feelings/opinion based on feelings. (e.g.: I share your sentiments about air travel, but i disagree that cars are safer.)
Clique (n): A small group of friends who are unfriendly to people outside the group. (e.g. High-schoolers form cliques to security and acceptance.)
Confide (v): to tell personal things. (e.g.: Teenagers are more willing to confide in a friend than in a parent.)(Confidant n. /confidence n./ confidential adj.)
Despondent (adj): Extremely sad and without hope for the future. (e.g.: After his girlfriend left him, Johnson was despondent and wouldn’t talk to anyone.)
Devotion (n): willingness to keep supporting someone you admire. (e.g.: Grant showed great devotion to his wife, supporting her long illness.)
Engender (v): to bring into being/to cause to exist. (e.g.: The government’s warnings about terrorism engendered fear throughout the nation.)
Berate (v): to say insulting and disrespectful things. (e.g.: The teacher lost his job because he cruelly berated students who made mistakes.)
Contemptuous (n): having no respect (e.g.: most scientists are contemptuous of reports that aliens from outer space have landed on the Earth.)
Vitriolic (adj): showing and extreme, hateful anger. (e.g.: The mayor’s vitriolic attacks against the city council only made him sound unreasonable.)
Delinquency (n); serious misbehavior/not doing what one should do (e.g.: because of his laziness and delinquency, Lefty was unreliable friend.)
Fringe (n): edge/in social contexts, parts of society that look or act very different from most people. (e.g.: Punk music got its start at the fringe of London’s rock music culture.)
Hedonistic (adj): excessively seeking pleasure. (e.g.: Suddenly wealthy, Allen fell into a hedonistic life of parties, expensive dinners, and heavy drinking.)
Abstract (adj): not concrete and realistic/not obviously related to everyday experience. (e.g.: Abstract painting became popular partly because early photography was very realistic.)
Depict (v): to show in pictures. (e.g.: Michael Angelo’s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel depicts nine scenes from the Bible.)

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